Colonic catabolism of dietary polyphenols: Molecule vs Microorganisms
Date
2020-08-18
Authors
Ardila Madrigal, Melissa
Prieto Vargas, María
García Acevedo, Valentina
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Abstract
The aim of this paper is to collect information about polyphenols, knowing how the host reshape the gut microbiota community, and how the host microbiota metabolize this molecules increasing their bioavailability, considering the lack of information in this field, which could help us get a better understanding in weather polyphenols are beneficial or not. Conclusion: Polyphenols can reach high bioavailability due to gut microbiota metabolism and therefore symbiosis in gut is essential to provide a beneficial effect of polyphenols, even these molecules can act as nutraceuticals, being effective for prevention of chronic diseases, that nowadays are worldwide problematic.
Polyphenols are a group of secondary metabolites in plants, this type of molecules and their
different classes are broadly distributed. Major sources are tea, fruit juices, coffee, red wine, also
chocolate has been categorized as a rich source of polyphenols, even new commercial products
include this ingredient, polyphenols extract, claiming a high content in polyphenols. (1)
Polyphenols present beneficial effects in the human health, such as antioxidants, antihypertensive,
anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective properties. Antioxidants decrease the cardiovascular risk;
this is related to the neutralization and balance of radical species (2). It´s been shown that high
consuming polyphenol chocolate, sweetened with sucrose, over an 8-week period decreases
cardiovascular risk index by increasing HDL cholesterol without a detrimental effect on glycemic
control, insulin resistance, inflammation or weight (3). As well, they may have a pleiotropic effect
on cardiometabolic risk factors, due to the action of different subclasses of polyphenols, (see figure
2) (4) like flavonoids, a type of polyphenol, that enhances the nitric oxide (NO) production, acting
as a potent vasodilator of the endothelial tissue, preventing platelet aggregation and adhesion, thus
increasing the antihypertensive effect. However, in metabolic stress by presence of free radicals,
the NO bioavailability decreases (2).
On the other hand, evidence has highlighted that the microbiota plays an important role in diseases
such as type II diabetes and obesity, as well in the heart affections, reciprocal interactions between
polyphenols and gut microbiota contribute to host health benefits. Dysbiosis of the microbiota tend
to oxidative stress, inflammatory activities, thus lead to chronic affections. This interaction requires
microbial degradation of polyphenols and modulation of gut microbiota by polyphenols and their
metabolites, which inhibits pathogenic bacteria and stimulates beneficial bacteria, symbiosis
Description
Keywords
Polyphenols, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, chronic diseases, metabolism, antioxidant.